Environmental Policy
An Introduction
Nations throughout the world are struggling to limit and manage environmental damages stemming from economic production and consumption. In virtually every country, collective action in the form of public policy has been undertaken to rein in these impacts. This text provides an authoritative overview of the dynamic process through which governments make decisions on environmental matters.
In clear, reader-friendly language, Field introduces students to the rudiments of the public policy process, the participants and their roles, and the content of the major federal environmental statutes regarding air, water, and land pollution. Throughout the discussion, Field explores the evolving role of the federal government in U.S. environmental policy. He also highlights important ongoing policy issues, both domestic and international, that will confront policy makers well into the future.
“An excellent and comprehensive introduction to the policymaking process and the basic policy of current environmental law and regulation. This one book will give students a background in the policy process and the nuts and bolts of environmental rules and regulations.” — Joseph Rish, King’s College
Section I. INTRODUCTION
1. Environmental Policy: Concepts and Issues
Nature and Human Society / Public Policy / Environmental Policy / The Evolution of Environmental Policy / Approaches to the Study of Environmental Policy / Environmental Policy and Politics / Environmental Policy as a Morality Play / Summary
2. Recent Trends in Environmental Pollution
Assessing Policy Effectiveness / Air Quality Trends / Water Pollution Trends / Municipal Solid Waste / Hazardous Waste / Summary
Section II. THE POLICY PROCESS AND ITS PARTICIPANTS
3. The Policy Process: A Conceptual View
The Rational View / Policy Making as a Process / A More Political View / Ideas about Influence and Power / On Institutions and Ideas / Summary
4. The Policy Front End: Public Opinion, Interest Groups, and Political Parties
Public Opinion on the Environment / Information Technology and the Public / Environmental Interest Groups / Opposition Groups / Political Parties / Summary
5. The Policy Wheelhouse: Congress, the President, and the EPA
The U.S. Congress / The President / Environmental Protection Agency / Summary
6. The Policy Fulcrum: Law and the Courts
The U.S. Court System / Common-Law Approaches to Environmental Management / Statutory Law: The Constitutional Basis / Actions of the Courts / Summary
7. Environmental Science and Environmental Policy
Environmental Science / The Science–Policy Interface / The Limits of Science / The Role of the Popular Press / Summary
Section III. THE POLICIES
8. The Wide Range of Policy Instruments
Policy Diversity / On Considering Alternative Policies / Summary
9. Air Pollution Control Policy
The Politics of Air Pollution Control / The Federal Clean Air Act / Current Issues in Air Pollution Control / Summary
10. Water Pollution Control Policy
A Brief History of Federal Water Pollution Control Policy / Current Water Pollution Control Policies / Current Issues in Water Pollution Control Policy / Drinking Water Policy / Summary
11. Toxic Materials and Hazardous Waste
Policies on Chemical Use in Production and Consumption / Policies for Controlling Toxic Emissions / Policies to Manage Hazardous Waste / Summary
12. Nonhazardous Solid Waste
MSW—The System / Policies for Reducing MSW / Managing the Waste Stream / Summary
13. Radiation
Setting Exposure Standards / Policy Issues in Radioactive Waste Disposal / Summary
Section IV. THE PROBLEMS
14. Policy Consequences: Unforeseen, Special Interest, and Perverse
Unforeseen Consequences / Special-Interest Consequences / Perverse Consequences / Summary
15. Incentive-Based Environmental Policies
Incentives in Pollution Control / Emission Charges / Cap-and-Trade Programs / Other Forms of Incentive-Based Programs / Political Aspects of Incentive-Based Programs / Summary
16. Policy Analysis: Principles, Roles, and Controversies
Benefit-Cost Analysis / Risk Analysis / Other Types of Analysis / Policy Analysis Issues / Environmental Analysis in the Private Sector / Summary
17. Decentralization: The Role of the States
Actions at the State Level / Constitutional Issues / Conceptual Issues / The Battle Over Unfunded Mandates / States as Policy Innovators / Summary
Section V. INTERNATIONAL ISSUES
18. Global Environmental Problems
The Ozone Layer / Global Warming / Summary
19. International Environmental Agreements
The Variety of International Environmental Agreements / Institutions of International Action—Organizations / International Legal Institutions / Political Factors in International Agreements / Incentive Aspects of International Agreements / Summary
20. Globalization and the Environment
What Is Globalization? / The Politics of Globalization / Environmental Impacts of Globalization / Summary
Glossary