1. Introduction to the Scientific Method
The Scientific Method as a Way of Knowing / The Objectives of Science and the Scientific Method / A Word about Theories / Research Criticism / Summary

2. Ethics in Research
Ethical Treatment of Research Participants / Ethics and the Reporting of Research Results / Summary

3. The Research Process
Reliability and Validity / Hypotheses and Predictions / Hypothesis Testing / How to Do Science / Summary

4. Research Reports and Literature Searches
Research Reports / The Review Process / The Organization of Research Reports / How to Find Research Reports: The Literature Search / Citing References in the Text / Summary

5. The Role of Statistics in Research
Scales of Measurement / Types of Statistical Techniques / Summary

6. Introduction to Experimentation and the Between-Groups Design
Experiments versus Correlational Studies: Causation / Internal Validity and Confounds / Error Variance and Sensitivity of the Dependent Variable / Summary

7. The Within-Subjects Design
Types of Within-Subjects Designs / Advantages of the Within-Subjects Design / Disadvantages of the Within-Subjects Design / Order Effects and Counterbalancing / Summary

8. Quasi-Experimental Designs
Types of Quasi-Experimental Designs / Types of Preexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs / Threats to the Internal Validity of Quasi-Experimental Designs / Summary

9. More Complex Designs and Research Questions
Factorial Designs / Other Types of Two-Factor Designs / Other Higher-Order Designs and Their Interactions / Questions of Relationships and Making Predictions / Summary

10. Using Natural Settings: Observational Studies and Field Experiments
Uses of Observational Studies and Field Experiments / Types of Observational Research Designs / Field Experiments / Problems and Pitfalls of Observational Studies / Choosing the Type of Observational Design / Data Collection / Techniques for Data Collection / Types of Data Collected / Sampling Techniques / Summary

11. Surveys and Interviews
Surveys Versus Questionnaires / Surveys: How and Why to Use Them / Written Surveys / Interviews / Survey Construction / Sampling Techniques / Summary

12. Single-Subject Designs
Single-Subject Design—Overview / Types of Single-Subject Designs / Threats to the Internal Validity of Single-Subject Designs

13.Physical Trace and Archival Data: Two Nonreactive Measurement Techniques
Physical Traces / Archival Data Investigations / Summary

Appendix A: Basic Statistical Techniques
Appendix B: Statistical Tables
Appendix C: APA Publication Style
Glossary