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Petrology

The Study of Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks, Second Edition

Loren A. Raymond

Petrology—the study of the nature, composition, origin, and history of rocks—is central to understanding Earth history. As students of the planet Earth, every geologist must have a solid foundation in petrology, regardless of specialization or interest. Raymond lays this foundation by articulating the textures, structures, mineralogy, chemistry, and classification for each class of rocks—igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. That background then leads to discussions of representative occurrences and petrogenesis. Plate tectonics is discussed from the very beginning and incorporated wherever petrogenesis is discussed in the book.

$79.95 list, 720 pages

10-digit ISBN: 1-57766-520-1

13-digit ISBN: 978-1-57766-520-5

© 2002

Table of Contents

Part I: INTRODUCTION

1. Rocks and Earth Structure

Introduction / The Three Classes of Rocks / Rock Distribution in the Earth / Earth Structure and Petrotectonic Assemblages

Part II: IGNEOUS ROCKS

2. Igneous Rocks: Their Structures and Textures

Introduction / Recognition of Igneous Rocks / Structures of Igneous Rocks / Textures of Igneous Rocks / Origins of Igneous Rocks

3. Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Classification of Igneous Rocks

Introduction / Chemistry of Igneous Rocks: An Overview / Igneous Minerals / Textural-Mineralogical Classification of Igneous Rocks / Chemical Classifications / Classifications Using Multiple Criteria and Tectonic Setting

4. The Phase Rule and Phase Diagrams

Introduction / Systems and the Phase Rule / Unary Systems / Binary Systems / Ternary and Other Multicomponent Systems / Bowen's Reaction Series

5. Petrogenesis, Movement, and Modification of Magmas

Introduction / Primitive, Primary, and Parental Magmas / Magma Genesis / Magma Movements / Modification of Magmas / The Formation of Rocks

6. Basalts and Ultramafic Volcanic Rocks

Introduction / Basalt Types and Derivatives / Occurrences of Basalts / Basalt Chemistry, Mineralogy, Textures, and Structures / Specific Occurrences and Origins of Basalts / Ultramafic Volcanic Rocks

7. Rhyolites and Pyroclastic Rocks

Introduction / Mineralogy, Textures, and Structures of Rhyolites / Chemistry of Rhyolitic Rocks / Occurrences / Petrogenesis of Rhyolites / Rhyolite Volcanism: The Yellowstone Example / Other Pyroclastic and Volcaniclastic Rocks

8. Andesites and Related Rocks

Introduction / Mineralogy and Textures of Andesites / Types and Occurrences of Andesites and Related Rocks / Chemistry of Andesites / Petrogenesis of Andesites / Examples of Andesite Origins

9. Ultramafic-Mafic Complexes and Related Rocks

Introduction / Kinds of Ultramafic and Ultramafic-Mafic Rock Bodies / Occurrences of Igneous Complexes Containing Ultramafic Rocks / Chemistry, Minerals, Textures, and Structures / The Nature and Origins of Ultramafic-Mafic Complexes

10. Granites, Grandiorites, and Related Rocks

Introduction / Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Textures of Granitoid Rocks / Occurrences of Granitoid Rocks, Their Tectonic Significance, and Granitoid Rock Typing / The Origins of Granitoid Rocks / Example: The Tuolumne Intrusive Series, Sierra Nevada Batholith / Example: The Rattlesnake Pluton, Massachusetts: A Case with Peralkaline Rocks / Pegmatitic Granites and Aplites

11. Alkaline Igneous Rocks and Carbonatites

Introduction / Rock Types, Minerals, Textures, Structures, and Chemistries / Occurrences / Petrogenesis of Alkaline and Other Odd Magmas and Rocks / Examples of Alkaline and Related Rocks

Part III: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

12. Sedimentary Rocks: Their Structures, Textures, and Compositions

Introduction / Structures of Sedimentary Rocks / Textures in Sedimentary Rocks / Mineralogy of Sedimentary Rocks / Chemistry of Sedimentary Rocks

13. Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

Introduction / Classification of Group S Rocks / Classification of Group P Rocks / Classification of Group A Rocks

14. Sedimentary Provenance, Processes, and Diagenesis

Introduction / Weathering and Provenance / Transportation of Sediments / Diagenesis

15. Sedimentary Environments

Introduction / Types of Sedimentary Environments and Their Deposits / Continental Environments / Transitional Environments / Marine Environments

16. Mudrocks

Introduction / Types and Occurrences of Mudrocks / Mineralogy, Chemistry, and Colors of Mudrocks / Structures and Textures of Mudrocks / Contemporary Settings of Mudrock Deposition / Ancient Mudrocks

17. Sandstones

Introduction / Sandstone Classifications and Textures / Sandstone Compositions / Sandstone Structures / Occurrences and Origins of Wackes / Occurrences and Origins of Arenites / Sequences with Mixed Sandstone Lithologies

18. Conglomerates, Diamictites, and Breccias

Introduction / Distinctions between Major Types of Coarse Clastic Rocks / Textures, Structures, and Compositions of Coarse Clastic Sedimentary Rocks / Origins of Coarse Clastic Sedimentary Rocks / Examples

19. Carbonate Rocks

Introduction / Characteristics of Carbonate Rocks / Mineral Compositions and Chemistries of Carbonate Rocks / Textures and Structures of Carbonate Rocks / Occurrences and Origins of Carbonate Rocks / Examples

20. Cherts, Evaporites, and Other Precipitated Rocks

Introduction / Cherts / Evaporites and Related Rocks / Ironstones and Iron-Formations / Phosphorites

Part IV: METAMORPHIC ROCKS

21. Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rock Textures and Structures

Introduction / Definitions: Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks / Agents and Types of Metamorphism / Structures and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks

22. Metamorphic Conditions, Classifications, Mineralogies, Protoliths, Facies, and Facies Series

Introduction / Mineralogy, Protoliths, and Rock Chemistry / Classifications of Metamorphic Rocks / Conditions of Metamorphism and Petrogenetic Grids / The Facies Concept / Facies Series

23. Metamorphic Phase Diagrams

Introduction / The System SiO₂-CaO-MgO-H₂O-CO₂ as a Model / The ACF Diagram / The AFM Diagram / The CFM Diagram / Other Diagrams / Mineral-Facies Charts

24. Contact Metamorphism

Introduction / Facies and Facies Series / Conditions of Contact Metamorphism / Processes in Contact Metamorphism / Mineralogical Changes During Contact Metamorphism

25. Regional Metamorphism Under Low to Medium P/T Conditions: Buchan and Barrovian Facies Series

Introduction / Buchan Facies Series / Triple-Point Rocks / Barrovian Facies Series / Migmatites

26. High P/T Metamorphism: Franciscan and Sanbagawa Facies Series and the Origin of Blueschists

Introduction / Occurrences / Mineral Assemblages, Facies, and Textures / Petrogenetic Models / Example: Regional High P/T Metamorphism of the Franciscan Complex, California

27. Eclogites and Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism

Introduction / Occurrences and Mineralogy of Eclogites / P-T Conditions, Natural High-Pressure Phase Assemblages, and Associated Phase Topologies / Examples of Eclogite Occurrences / Petrogenesis of Eclogites / Ultrahigh-Pressure (UHP) Rocks

28. Dynamic Metamorphism

Introduction / Occurrences of Dynamoblastic Rocks / Rock Types, Textures, and Structures / Minerals and Facies of Dynamoblastic Rocks / Processes During Dynamoblastic Rock Formation / Example: The Brevard Zone, Southern Appalachian Orogen

29. Alpine Ultramafic Rocks and the Mantle

Introduction / Occurrences of Alpine Ultramafic Rocks / Distinguishing Features of Alpine Ultramafic Rocks and Rock Bodies / The Nature of the Upper Mantle: A Brief Survey / Serpentinization / Examples of Alpine-Type Ultramafic Rocks

Part V: EPILOGUE

30. Petrotectonic Assemblages

Introduction / Rocks and Plate Boundaries / Conclusion

Glossary