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Contaminant Hydrogeology

Second Edition

C. W. Fetter

Contaminated groundwater has life-threatening repercussions for human, plant, and animal life. The monetary costs of maintaining clean water can be great, but not as great as those incurred from health risks that prevail if we ignore groundwater contamination. In many countries, the government obligates public water suppliers to furnish water that meets specific drinking-water standards; if it does not meet the standards when withdrawn from the source, it must be treated.

Written for courses in mass transport and contaminant hydrogeology, this authoritative text is aimed at students who have completed basic courses in hydrogeology, chemistry, calculus, and physics. It balances theory with the practical application of technology for the study and effective remediation of contaminants in soils and groundwater. Additionally, in a field that has seen an increase in career opportunities, the text is a valuable resource for professionals working in either the private or public sector. Outstanding features include solved example problems, case studies, and a free student version of contaminant migration software on an accompanying CD-ROM.

Charbeneau, Groundwater Hydraulics and Pollutant Transport

Dingman, Physical Hydrology, 2/E

$64.95 list, 500 pages

10-digit ISBN: 1-57766-583-X

13-digit ISBN: 978-157766-583-0

© 1999

Solutions Manual available

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Ground Water as a Resource / Types of Ground-Water Contaminants / Drinking-Water Standards / Risk and Drinking Water / Sources of Ground-Water Contamination / Relative Ranking of Ground-Water-Contamination Sources / Ground-Water Contamination as a Long-Term Problem / Review of Mathematics and the Flow Equation

2. Mass Transport in Saturated Media

Introduction / Transport by Concentration Gradients / Transport by Advection / Mechanical Dispersion / Hydrodynamic Dispersion / Derivation of the Advection-Dispersion Equation for Solute Transport / Diffusion versus Dispersion / Analytical Solutions of the Advection-Dispersion Equation / Effects of Transverse Dispersion / Tests to Determine Dispersivity / Scale Effect of Dispersion / Stochastic Models of Solute Transport / Fractal Geometry Approach to Field-scale Dispersion / Regression Analysis of Relationship between Apparent Longitudinal Dispersivity and Field Scale / Deterministic Models of Solute Transport / Transport in Fractured Media / Summary

3. Transformation, Retardation, and Attenuation of Solutes

Introduction / Classification of Chemical Reactions / Sorption Processes / Equilibrium Surface Reactions / Nonequilibrium (Kinetic) Sorption Models / Sorption of Hydrophobic (Organic) Compounds / Homogeneous Reactions / Radioactive Decay / Biodegradation / Colloidal Transport / Summary

4. Flow and Mass Transport in the Vadose Zone

Introduction / Soils as a Porous Medium / Soil Colloids / The Electrostatic Double Layer / Salinity Effects on Hydraulic Conductivity of Soils / Flow of Water in the Unsaturated Zone / Mass Transport in the Unsaturated Zone / Equilibrium Models of Mass Transport / Nonequilibrium Models of Mass Transport / Anion Exclusion / Preferential Flowpaths in the Vadose Zone / Summary

5. Multiphase Flow

Introduction / Basic Concepts / Migration of Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs) / Volitilization of NAPLs / Measurement of the Thickness of a Floating Product / Effect of the Rise and Fall of the Water Table on the Distribution of LNAPLs / Migration of Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) / Monitoring for LNAPLs and DNAPLs / Summary

6. Inorganic Chemicals in Ground Water

Introduction / Units of Measurement and Concentration / Chemical Equilibrium and the Law of Mass Action / Oxidation-Reduction Reactions / Relationship between pH and Eh / Metal Complexes / Chemistry of Nonmetallic Inorganic Contaminants / Chemistry of Metals / Radioactive Isotopes / Geochemical Zonation / Summary

7. Organic Compounds in Ground Water

Introduction / Physical Properties of Organic Compounds / Organic Structure and Nomenclature / Petroleum and Coal Tar / Functional Groups / Degradation of Organic Compounds / Field Examples of Biological Degradation of Organic Molecules / Analysis of Organic Compounds in Ground Water / Fingerprinting Petroleum Distillates and Coal Tar / Summary

8. Ground-Water and Soil Monitoring

Introduction / Monitoring-Well Design / Installation of Monitoring Wells / Sample Collection / Installation of Monitoring Wells / Monitoring-Well Development / Record Keeping During Monitoring-Well Construction / Monitoring Well and Borehole Abandonment / Multiple-level Devices for Ground-Water Monitoring / Methods of Collecting a Ground-Water Sample Without Drilling a Well / Well Sampling / Low Flow Purging of Monitoring Wells / Soil-Gas Monitoring / Soil-Water Sampling / Summary

9. Site Remediation

Introduction / Source-Control Measures / Pump-and-Treat Systems / Treatment of Extracted Ground Water / Recovery of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids / Removal of Leaking Underground Storage Tanks / Soil Vapor Extraction / Air Sparging and Bioslurping / Bioremediation / Combination Methods / Summary

Appendix A: Error Function Values

Appendix B: Bessel Functions

Appendix C: W(tD,B) Values

Appendix D: Exponential Integral

Appendix E: Unit Abbreviations

Appendix F: Visual MODFLOW Instructions