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Weed Science

Principles and Applications, Third Edition

Wood Powell Anderson

Weeds are the pioneer plants of disturbed soils and can adversely affect the use, economic value, and aesthetic aspect of the lands and waters they infest. Knowledge of the major mechanisms of weed survival is essential for developing effective methods of weed control to maximize the use and value of the environment. This well-researched text expounds on the interrelationships between weed species and the environment and discusses weed-control programs. The first part of the book addresses weed control principles, including weed ecology, conservation tillage, and weed resistance and transgenic crop tolerance. The remaining chapters delve into herbicide families and weed control in selected crops.

Abundant diagrams, charts, and tables facilitate time-saving access to relevant information, including:

• Broadcast rate to band rate conversion table

• Listing of convenient areas, weights, and liquid measures

• Categories of herbicide mammalian toxicity

• Listing of herbicides by trade name, active ingredient and manufacturer

• Listing of herbicide premixes by trade name, active ingredients, and manufacturer

• Listing of common and scientific names of weeds mentioned in the text

$59.95 list, 388 pages

10-digit ISBN: 1-57766-525-2

13-digit ISBN: 978-1-57766-525-0

© 1996

Table of Contents

Section I. WEED-CONTROL PRINCIPLES

1. Weeds

Losses Due to Weeds / Adverse Effects of Weeds / Weeds as Host Plants / Hay Fever and Dermatitis / Classification of Weeds / Wood Dissemination / Weed-Crop Competition / Allelopathy / Poisonous Plants / Foreign Plants Introduced into the United States

2. Weed Ecology

Weed Seeds / Weed Seed Bank / Weed Seed Production / Seed Dormancy / Seed Germination and the Environment / Distribution of Seeds in Soil Profile / Soil Environment / Impact of Soil Tillage / Reproduction of the Weed Seed Population / Shifts in Weed Populations / Ecology and Weed Control

3. Methods of Weed Control

Preventive Weed Control / Cultural Weed Control / Mechanical (Physical) Weed Control / Biological Weed Control / Chemical Weed Control / Herbicide Regulation

4. Conservation Tillage Systems

Weeds / Weed Control / Conservation Tillage Terminology

5. Herbicides and the Soil

The Fate of Herbicides in Soils / Chemical Processes / Physical Processes / Microbial Decomposition of Herbicides / Microbial Populations / Herbicide Persistence and Residues in Soils

6. Entry and Movement of Herbicides in Plants

Soil-Applied Herbicides / Foliar-Applied Herbicides / Translocation: The Movement of Herbicides in Plants

7. Modes and Sites of Action of Herbicides

Modes and Sites of Action

8. Herbicide–Plant Selectivity

Physical Factors of Selectivity / Biological Factors of Selectivity / Inherent Properties of Herbicides / Chemical Plant-Protectants / Chemical Herbicide-Protectants / Herbicide–Agrochemical Interactions / Herbicide-Resistant Weed Biotypes

9. Weed Resistance and Transgenic Crop Tolerance

Weed Resistance / Plant Responses / Transgenic Crop Tolerance / Expanding Commercial Uses

10. Formulations and Surfactants

Formulations / Mixtures of Pesticide Formulations / Surfactants (Spray Adjuvants)

11. Sprayer Calibration and Herbicide Calculations

Sprayer Calibration / Calibration Procedures / Ground Speed Determination / Herbicide Calculations / Acid Equivalents of Salts and Esters / Parts per Million

Section II. HERBICIDE FAMILIES

12. Acid Amide Herbicides

13. Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides

14. Benzonitrile Herbicides

15. Bipyridinium Herbicides

16. Cyclohexanedione Herbicides

17. Dinitroaniline Herbicides

18. Diphenyl Ether Herbicides

19. Growth Regulator–Type  Herbicides

20. Imidazolinone Herbicides

21. Methanearsonate Herbicides

22. Phenylcarbamate Herbicides

23. Phenyl Pyridazinone Herbicides

24. Phthalic Acid Herbicides

25. Sulfonylurea Herbicides

26. Thiocarbamate Herbicides

27. Triazine Herbicides

28. Uracil Herbicides

29. Urea Herbicides

30. Nonfamily Herbicides

Amitrole / Asulam / Bensulide / Bentazon / Clomazone / Diethatyl / Difenzoquat / Dithiopyr / Ethofumesate / Fluridone / Glyphosate and Sulfosate / Isoxaben / Pyridate / Inorganic Herbicides

Section III. WEED CONTROL IN CROPLANDS

31. Weed Control in Selected Crops: An Introduction

Weed and Weed-Control Literature / Keeping up to Date / Use of Trade Names / Weed-Control Practices / Herbicides

32. Field Corn

Chemical Weed Control

33. Cotton

Weeds / Crop Management / Tillage / Conservation Tillage / Herbicides

34. Peanuts

Weeds / Weed Control

35. Rice

36. Grain Sorghum

Weeds / Weed Control

37. Soybeans

Crop Rotations / Weed Control

38. Sugar Beets

Weeds / Weed Control

39. Wheat

Weeds / Weed Control / Regional Weeds and Weed Control

40. Lettuce

41. Onions

42. Potatoes

Weeds / Weed Control

43. Sweet Corn

44. Tomatoes

45. Turfgrass

Weeds / Weed Control / Herbicides

46. Pastures and Rangelands

Poisonous Plants / Chemical Weed Control / Broom Snakeweed / Common Goldenweed / Larkspurs / Leafy Spurge / Locoweeds / Mesquite / Sagebrush / Yaupon / Winter Forbs